Part II of II

Last week’s column was dedicated to Rosie Malloy as we discussed the importance of laughter for health and wellness. In this column, I will discuss one of the most understated benefits of exercise – mental health! Specifically, aerobic exercise (exercise that increases your heart rate for 30 minutes or more) such as walking, biking, running, swimming, hiking, elliptical & stepper machines to name a few, is the secret to “runner’s high.” This exercise euphoria is not limited to runners alone, but all who engage in aerobic exercise are more likely to experience high energy, positive attitude, and mental wellness by helping reduce depression.

Physical activity, specifically aerobic exercise, is a scientifically proven useful tool for preventing and easing depression symptoms. Studies in the British Journal of Medicine and the Journal of Exercise and Sports Science found that depression scores were significantly reduced in groups that engaged in aerobic running, jogging or walking programs, 30-45 minutes 3-5 days per week for 10-12 weeks, when compared to a control group and a psychotherapy counseling group.

Depression is the most common mental disorder and is twice as common among women as in men. Symptoms include: fatigue, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, decreased sexual interest, weight change, and constipation. Many of these symptoms are likely to bring an individual to their family physician. Unfortunately, depression is on the increase in the United States. According to the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, in the 1990’s, 7 million visits to a primary care physician were for the treatment of depression. 10 years later the number doubled.

HOW EXERCISE REDUCES DEPRESSION:

According to copious amounts of scientific research, exercise improves health and wellness and reduces depression in two ways, psychologically (mentally) and physiological (physically). 

Psychological or Mental Benefits of Exercise on Depression:

• Helps a person gain control over their lives
• Increases self-esteem
• Diverts attention away from worry, concern or guilt
• Improves mood – with visible signs of improvement in physique & body weight
• Increases sense of pleasure and satisfaction
• Anger management – release pent-up frustration, anger and hostility

Physiological or Physical Benefits of Exercise on Depression:

• Increase in brain serotonin (natural mood elevator chemical in brain)
• Increase in beta-endorphins (natural mood, stress & pain control chemical in brain)
• Improvement in natural sleep patterns

HOW TO BEGIN EXERCISE FOR DEPRESSION:

1. First and most importantly, consult your primary care physician to confirm the diagnosis of depression. Be sure that your symptoms are not related to other health problems. Also, if you are using antidepressants or other medications discuss the impact it may have on your exercise program with your physician.
2. Recognize and fight depression symptoms that are contrary to or prohibit physical activity such as: fatigue, lack of energy, slow motor skills. Work hard to recognize and overcome these symptoms to begin an exercise program. An aerobic exercise routine should eventually lessen these symptoms.
3. Be realistic. Expect that aerobic exercise will take time to have a noticeable benefit. Do not get overly ambitious and set yourself up for failure.
4. Begin with an aerobic exercise program that is practical and destined to succeed. For example: inactive and deconditioned people should begin walking 5 minutes per day, 3-5 days per week for 1 week. Then, add 3-5 minutes each week until you attain 30-45 minutes per walk 3-5 times per week. Younger and fitter people can begin to walk for 15 minutes and continue until they attain 45-60 minutes per walk, 3-5 times per week. Remember, what seems impossible today will be easier and more routine in 3-4 weeks so JUST DO IT !
5. Find a pleasurable environment: a beautiful park (Nay Aug), a scenic lake (Lake Scranton), quiet countryside (rural farmlands of Dalton). Use a mall in inclement weather.
6. Find a friendly, uplifting group of people to enjoy a good walk and talk. This may be more appropriate for people feeling isolated or withdrawn. Others may enjoy the peace and quiet of exercising and meditating alone.
7. Be specific and compliant! Make a serious commitment. Keep a journal or exercise log. Mark a calendar. 30-45 minutes, 3-5 days per week – NO EXCUSES! Get and exercise buddy you can count on and help keep you compliant!
8. Make it fun! Mix it up. Walk 3 days, swim or bike 1-2 days, some days alone, some days with a buddy.
9. BE RELIGIOUS! Be religious about exercise BUT don’t get too compulsive!

SOURCES: British Journal of Medicine: Journal of Exercise and Sports Science

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.comPaul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

According to American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), those 50 years old and older are seniors! By this definition, as hard as it is to admit, I am well into senior status and as one, I offer holiday health tips for seniors.

Overindulgence during the holidays causes many seniors to make New Year's resolutions related to diet and exercise. But, this year, I propose that seniors incorporate healthy habits during the holiday season, and you may find that your resolutions are not as hard to keep.

1. Exercise every day. - Every evening, get out of the house for a walk to view the Christmas lights. Dress for the weather, walk with a companion, and take along a flashlight to illuminate your path. Use caution to avoid falls on slippery sidewalks.
2. Combine shopping and walking. - In inclement weather, combine holiday shopping with your daily dose of exercise. Indoor malls are great places to walk. Inquire with the mall management about walking clubs. Plan to shop early or late to avoid crowds. If you are planning on shopping in a particular store, park at the opposite end of the mall -- even if time is short, you will still get some exercise.
3. Remember to take your medications. - Routines are disrupted during the holidays, and you may forget important medications. Make a special reminder to take your medications or order re-fills. If you are traveling, be sure to take enough medications with you in case of delays and have a copy of your prescriptions in case of loss. Be sure to bring a phone number for your doctor along with your health insurance cards, in case of emergency. Carry your medications in your carry-on luggage if you are flying.
4. Eat your vegetables and salad first. - Beginning your meal with healthy vegetables and salads will fill you up and reduce the temptation to over-indulge in high-fat, high-calorie foods. Taste your holiday favorites in small amounts to satisfy your palate.
5. Be aware of drug interactions. - According to Dr. Amy Anderson, internal medicine physician on the medical staff at Baylor University Medical Center," says holiday spices like cloves, thyme and sage can interfere by as much as 50 percent with the body's natural ability to utilize common drugs." Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about your medications and find out if there are any foods you should avoid while taking them. Also, be aware that alcohol should be avoided when taking many drugs.  
6. Know your food ingredients. - If you have food allergies, ask about ingredients before you indulge. Be especially careful of home-baked goods if you have an allergy to tree nuts or peanuts. Those ingredients can be deadly if you are affected by these types of allergies.
7. Practice allergy-free decorating. - If you suffer from allergic rhinitis, holiday decorations stored in the attic and basement can build up a coating of dust and mold that can trigger allergies. Some people may also need to rethink Christmas tradition and substitute with an artificial tree.
8. Get vaccinated for covid, flu and RSV. - The holiday season includes plenty of kissing and handshaking. Getting yearly vaccinations and frequent hand washing are your best defense for avoiding the covid, flu and RSV. If you are sick with a cold or flu, limit contact with others until you are symptom free, so you don’t infect others.
9. Get a good night's sleep. - Holiday preparations and helping Santa means less sleep. Do your best to get to sleep 6-7 hours every night and avoid heavy foods and alcoholic beverages before bedtime. If you need to recharge, take a nap during the day.
10. Spend Time With Loved One’s - The holiday season and throughout the year, be proactive and participate in outings with family and friends. Make a call and invite a loved one over for coffee and eagerly accept invitations. Studies show those who are social and interactive are mentally and physically healthier.

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

While I normally do not address the topic of shoveling snow until January, considering recent weather events, I thought it might be valuable to present it sooner. Much has been written about the dangers of snow shoveling for your heart. However, while not fatal, low back pain is the most common injury sustained while shoveling snow. Heart attacks are also more common following wet and heavy snow.

Snow shoveling can place excessive stress on the structures of the spine. When overloaded and overstressed, these structures fail to support the spine properly. The lower back is at great risk of injury when bending forward, twisting, lifting a load, and lifting a load with a long lever. When all these factors are combined simultaneously, as in snow shoveling, the lower back is destined to fail. Low back pain from muscle strain or a herniated disc is very common following excessive snow shoveling.

Snow Shoveling as a Form of Exercise:

• GOOD - For the Young and Healthy – studies show that snow shoveling for 15 minutes is considered moderate physical activity and extreme and vigorous physical activity when performed more than 15 minutes even for young healthy college students.
• BAD – For the Older and Unfit – research clearly shows that there is a significant increase in heart attacks among snow shovelers. If you have any risk factors or medical condition and do not exercise regularly consult your physician.
• Cold Weather – makes this activity even more difficult and physically stressful. Cold air makes breathing more labored and difficult and cold temps create added strain on the body.

People at High Risk of Illness Due to Snow Shoveling:

• History of Heart Attack
• History of Heart Disease
• History of High Blood Pressure or High Cholesterol
• Smokers
• Inactive & Sedentary Lifestyle
• Overweight
• Elderly

10 TIPS FOR SAFE SNOW SHOVELING:

1. MEDICAL CLEARANCE: If you have any medical condition or risk factors consult your physician.
2. PAIN: Stop immediately if you experience any pain. Especially in the chest, left arm, jaw, face, neck, or lower back.
3. ERGONOMICS: Choose a snow shovel that is right for you:
   1. An ergonomic shovel with a curved handle allows you to keep your back straighter or arched when shoveling
   1. An ergonomic shovel with a shorter or adjustable handle length allows you to keep your back straighter and knees bent when shoveling. The right handle length allows you to arch your back 10 degrees with your knees slightly bent when the shovel is on the ground.
   1. A plastic shovel blade is lighter than a metal one and will be better for your spine.
   1. A smaller blade is better than a larger blade. It may take longer but will stress your back less.
4. PUSH: When possible, push the snow. Do not lift it. Lifting is much more stressful on the spine. You can find shovels that are ergonomically designed just for pushing snow.
5. WARM – UP: Be sure your muscles are warm before you start to shovel. Cold and tight muscles are more likely to strain than warm, relaxed muscles. Layer and consider compression shirts or tights can help prevent cold and tight muscles.
6. LEVERAGE: When you grip your shovel, spread your hands at least 12 inches apart. This will improve your leverage and reduce strain on your lower back.
7. TECHNIQUE: Shoveling technique is very important. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons recommends:
   • Squat with your legs apart, knees bent and back straight.
   • Lift with your legs. Do not bend at the waist.
   • Scoop small amounts of snow into the shovel and walk when you want to dump it.
   • Do not hold the filled shovel with outstretched arms.
   • If snow is deep, remove in piecemeal, a few inches at a time.
   • Rest and repeat as necessary.
   • Move your feet and do not twist your back as you shovel or dump. Never throw snow over your shoulder
8. CAUTION: Be cautious shoveling wet snow. One full shovel can weigh 25 pounds.
   • Shovel wet snow slowly in piecemeal.
9. PACE YOURSELF: Take frequent breaks and stretch your back in the opposite direction of shoveling. For example: 1. Lean backwards and extend your lower back. 2. Pinch your shoulder blades together.
10. TECHNOLOGY:
    • Snow Blower - Use a self-propelled snow blower. It will put much less stress on your lower back than shoveling snow if used correctly. For example, push the blower with your legs and keep your back straight or arched and knees bent.
    • Ergonomic Shovels:
    • 2 Handle Shovels: ErgieShovel or Snow Joe Shovelution
      • Push Shovels: Garant Yukon or Garant Sleigh Shovel
    • Snow Melting Alternatives:
    • www.warmlyyours.com - WarmlyYours - HeatTrak® portable snowmelting system for roofs, gutters, driveways, sidewalks, stairs and handicapped ramps uses electric mats or runners for home or office which can be customized.

Sources: The Colorado Comprehensive Spine Institute; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 

Visit your doctor regularly and listen to your body.     

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

Osteochondritis dissecans, also called OCD, is the most common cause of a loose body or fragment in the knee and is usually found in young males between the ages of ten and twenty. While this word sounds like a mouth full, breaking down its Latin derivation to its simplest terms makes it understandable: “osteo” means bone, “chondro” means cartilage, “itis” means inflammation, and “dissecans” means dissect or separate. In OCD, a flap of cartilage with a thin layer of bone separates from the end of the bone. As the flap floats loosely in the joint, it becomes inflamed, painful and disrupts the normal function of the joint.  

Typically, OCD is found in the knee joint of active young men who participate in sports which involve jumping or full contact. Although less common, it is also found in other joints such as the elbow. 

Often, the exact cause of OCD is unknown. For a variety of reasons, blood flow to the small segment at the end of the bone lessens and the weak tissue breaks away and becomes a source of pain in the joint. Long term, OCD can increase the risk of osteoarthritis in the involved joint.

Common causes of OCD:

• Repetitive microtraumas to the end of the bone over time
• Age – Most often between the ages of 10 to 20
• Gender – More common in males
• Activity – Sports that involve jumping, running, sudden changes in direction for the knee or throwing or lifting excessively for the elbow
• Genetics – Some have a greater propensity than others

Some common signs and symptoms:

• Pain in the joint sets in or increases with sports or activities such as: walking distances, climbing stairs or hills for the knee or throwing or lifting for the elbow.
• Weakness in the muscles around the joint which often leads to a “giving out” of the knee
• Locking, snapping or popping of the joint – the knee/elbow may get “stuck” in a specific position as the bone/cartilage fragment moves around
• Loss of Motion – the knee or elbow will not completely bend or straighten
• Swelling and tenderness in the joint – worsened with sport or activity

Diagnosis

To properly diagnose OCD a physician will consider onset, related activities, symptoms, medical history, and examine the joint involved for pain, tenderness, loss of strength and limited range of motion. Often, a referral to a specialist such as an orthopedic surgeon for further examination is necessary. Special tests specifically detect a defect in the bone or cartilage of the joint such as:

Radiograph (X-ray) may be performed to assess the bones.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) may be performed to assess bones and other soft tissues such as cartilage, ligaments, muscles and tendons.

Treatment

The primary goal of treatment for OCD is to relieve pain, control swelling, and restore the complete function (strength and range of motion) of the joint. The age of the patient and severity of the injury determine the treatment methods. For example, medications assist with pain and inflammation reduction.

Conservative Treatment

Young patients who are still growing have a good chance of healing with conservative treatment. Rest and physical therapy are the conservative treatments of choice. Rest entails avoiding any activity that compresses the joint such as jumping, running, twisting, squatting, etc. In some cases, using a splint, brace and crutches to protect the joint and eliminate full weight bearing, may be necessary for a few weeks. Physical therapy, either as a conservative or post operative treatment, involves restoring the range of motion with stretching exercises and improving the strength and stability of the joint through strengthening exercises. Modalities for pain and swelling such as heat, cold, electrical stimulation, ultrasound, compression devices assist with treatment depending on the age of the patient and severity of the problem.

Surgical Treatment

Conservative treatment can often require 3 to 6 months to be effective. However, if it fails, arthroscopic surgery stimulates healing or reattaches the loose fragment of cartilage and bone. In some cases if the defect is small, surgery involves filling in the defect with small bundles of cartilage. In other cases, the fragment is reattached directly to the defect using a small screw or bioabsorbable device. More recently, surgeons are using the bone marrow of the patient to repair the deficit by stimulating the growth of new tissue (bone marrow stimulation).

In other cases, a plug of healthy tissue from the non-weight bearing surface of a patient's knee relocated to the defect to stimulate healing (osteochondral autograft transplantation OATS). While there are many surgical options for OCD, an orthopedic surgeon will help the patient decide the most appropriate procedure based on age, size of defect, and other factors.

Prevention

While prevention is not always possible, some measures can be taken to limit risk. For example, if a child playing sports has a father and older brother who had OCD, then it would be wise to consider the following: Avoid or make modifications for sports requiring constant jumping. Cross-train for a sport to avoid daily trauma (run one day and bike the next). Also, do not play the sport all year round (basketball in the fall/winter and baseball in the spring/summer). Seek the advice from an orthopedic or sports physical therapist to learn proper strength and conditioning techniques. Learn proper biomechanics of lifting, throwing, squatting, running, jumping and landing.

Sources: Mayo Clinic

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

Age-related changes to your body are normal and expected. For example, loss of muscle tone, stiffness in joints, and loss of balance. With effort, some of these changes can be retarded and managed with stretching, strengthening and balance exercises. The brain is no different…it can slow down and lead to memory lapses. However, for most of us, it too can be managed and with a little effort, be kept sharp and clear.

• 1. Exercise Your Body

Many experts feel that exercise is the best method to maintain not only physical health but mental health. Regular exercise can prevent the things that contribute to memory loss with age such as; diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and stroke.

Specifically, aerobic exercise may be most beneficial. Aerobic exercise is any type of sustained exercise that strengthens the heart and lungs to improve the body’s use of oxygen. This may include running/jogging, brisk walking, cycling, swimming, rowing, and the use of a treadmill, elliptical, stepper or similar device, at light to moderate intensity which requires the use of oxygen to adequately meet the oxygen demands of the body for an extended period of time. The generally accepted time and frequency is at least 30 minute sessions performed three or more times per week. Two 15 minute or three 10 minute sessions are also valuable. For those with back, hip, knee and other lower body pain, consider low-impact or partial weight-bearing activities such as a recumbent bike or stepper or upright bike instead of a treadmill.  

• 2. Healthy Diet

The benefits of a healthy diet are well-documented. Specifically, a Mediterranean-style diet comes highly recommended. It focuses on plenty of fruits and vegetables with fish instead of red meat and olive oil instead of butter.  Researchers found people who closely adhered to a Mediterranean diet were nearly 20% less likely to have thinking and memory problems.

• 3. Exercise Your Brain

Exercise your brain just as you do your body. Make time each day to challenge your brain. Learn something new to keep your mind sharp. Play cards, read a book, do crossword puzzles or other word games, take a class or learn play a musical instrument.

• 4. Maintain Social Activities

Human beings are social animals and in the right setting, we stimulate and challenge each other. Join a book club, fitness center, or a community center. Consider volunteering, taking an art or photography class. Social interaction can prevent isolation which can lead to depression and depression is associated with dementia.

• 5. Sleep Better

Without adequate sleep, attention and concentration is compromised. Studies show that those who have normal restful sleep outperform those who are restless and sleep deprived. Some tips for better sleep are: avoid big meals before bed, keep a consistent sleep and wake up time, avoid nicotine, caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime. “

Consider an afternoon “power nap!” Recent studies show that an afternoon nap was rejuvenating to the mind and body. Participants improved on mental skills such as memory, calculation, orientation and attention.

• 6. Stress Less

Cortisol is the hormone associated with stress. Recent studies have found that elevated cortisol levels were associated with poorer overall cognitive functioning, including memory, language, and processing speed.

Try yoga, massage, breathing techniques to relax. Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) techniques can be very effective…try it on YouTube!

• 7. Don’t Smoke

Smoking is clearly one of the worst things you can do to your body AND MIND! Smoking can lead to early memory lose in part due to small strokes in the brain. Do whatever it takes to quit; nicotine replacement, medication, or counseling.

• 8. Regular Medical Check-ups

There are many medical conditions and medications associated with memory loss. Regular medical check-ups can prevent, diagnose and treat some of these conditions such as; depression, diabetes, thyroid disease, vitamin deficiencies, and drug interactions or side effects. For example, sleep aid and anxiety drugs associate with memory loss.

• 9. Use Technology

In addition to common tricks such as word association, sticky notes, use your smart phone for appointments and reminders. If you don’t know how to use a smart phone, it is time to learn something new…and that is a healthy brain activity!

SOURCES: WebMD; Harvard Health

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

Provisional Bag/First Aide Kit

It is one week away from the 27^th Steamtown Marathon. This column is dedicated to all the runners preparing for the big day. One small piece of advice; start slowly, avoid the first mile adrenaline sprint downhill, and enjoy the journey! Remember, only one Olympic marathon winner (Juan Zabala, Argentina, 1932) was in the lead at the 5 mile mark. Lesson: The last miles matter more than the first!

Today, I hope to address some common questions for the novice marathon runner or for those coming from other locations to run in the race. What should you pack? How should I dress? What supplies will I need?

Elite runners are so experienced that they know exactly what to pack in preparation for the big marathon day. However, those, running in marathon for the first or second time usually have lots of questions. First, what you need and what you can bring will depend on your support team. If you are running alone and will not have family or friends meeting you along the way, then you are limited to a fanny pack and a few supplies. If you have a support team, then they can carry a bag with supplies, meet you along the course and you can have a sense of security.

Remember; do not do anything different on race day. Try out special clothing, water with supplements and snacks on a practice run. Also, experiment with your best pre-race meal. You will be getting up at 5-6:00am to catch the bus from Scranton to Forest City. You may want to pack breakfast to eat in the high school gym such as; bagel, peanut butter, jelly, banana and coffee or Gatorade. Moving your bowels before the race is a must.

Dress: Columbus Day Weekend in NEPA could bring 30 to 40 degree temperatures when you catch the bus in Scranton and at the 8:00 am race starting time in Forest City.

Clothing:

• Hat and Gloves: Wearing a hat, light gloves can be a good idea. DryTech materials are best to prevent retention of sweat.
• Long Sleeve Shirt and Light Jacket may be necessary. Wearing old items are best so they can be discarded along the way once you are warmed up.
• Remember, any extra items can be placed in a labeled bag at the starting line and will be transported to the finish line for your convenience. So, if it’s a cold morning, wear a jacket and warm up pants on the bus to the starting line and “bag it!”

Accessories:

• Sunglasses and Sunscreen: If sun and warm temps are forecasted, sunglasses are best placed on top of your hat until needed and sunscreen applied before the race.
• Skin Lubrication: Lubricate your skin with petroleum jelly in areas of potential friction such as arm pits, nipples, thighs and feet.
• Dry Tech Clothing: Wear dry tech protects, including shirt, underwear and socks, to prevent excessive moisture and friction.
• Favorite Water Source and Snack: Water and light snacks will be provided every 2 miles but sometimes it is good to have your own favorites, especially in the high school gym before the race.

MARATHON FANNY PACK – Especially for those running without a support team

If you don’t mind the little pack on your butt, a fanny pack can be valuable. In it, you will want supplies such as: small bandages, small roll of medical tape, ibuprofen, antacid tablets, small tube of lubricant, favorite running snack, and extra shoe laces. One might also consider packing a little money, credit card, ID, emergency contact numbers and medical insurance cards. A cell phone is optional.

MARATHON SUPPLY BAG – For those with support team

your supply bag. In the bag, you might consider all of the above fanny pack items and: A change of clothes such as: extra running shoes, socks, shorts, shirt, water proof wind breaker, according to the weather, especially if rain is predicted.  Towels, ace bandages, gauze pads and wrap, antibiotic cream, mole skin, sunscreen, petroleum jelly, safety pins, extra water and favorite sport drink, favorite sport snacks, extra ibuprofen, antacid, anti diarrhea medicine, chemical ice pack, mobile phone, money, credit cards, ID, medical insurance cards.

For those with allergic reactions, remember to pack: epinephrine, antihistamine, and other important medications.

Don’t Forget:

Map and directions to the bus or starting line, course map, race number, and get your timing chip.

Enjoy! Enjoy! Smell the roses, take in the fall foliage and chat with a fellow racer. Savor the moment enjoy the day…you are doing something very special!

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

There is plenty of summer remaining … so make time to get to the water! Research shows that spending time outdoors has many positive effects on your health. Moreover, new research has found that being near a body of water makes us calmer and healthier. You know that special feeling you get when you drive to the lake or the beach and jump out of the car and smell the fresh air and hear the sound of splashing in the lake or the waves of the ocean? Well, it is not just because you’re on vacation…the water makes your muscles relax and breath deeper. Your brainwaves slow down to simulate the gentle roll of the water…lake or ocean! These “blue environments,” not to be confused with “blue zones” are the subject of extensive research at the University of Exeter Medical School in the UK.

Time spent near water promotes physical activity, general fitness and well-being. In addition, noted for reducing the incidence of diabetes and other diseases associated with obesity. Additionally, time near the water slows down our heart rate, reduces stress hormones and improves mental health. In fact, the study also found that subconsciously, people consistently preferred pictures of natural environments (rivers, lakes, oceans) even when compared to attractive urban landscapes. In fact, urban landscapes with water (rivers, fountains etc) were far more popular than those without. Also, health disparities between coastal and inland communities are more noticeable for low-income individuals who do not have the means to venture to the coast. This may be one of the reasons that four out of the five “Blue Zones” discovered by Dan Buettner are islands.

WHY BEING IN, ON, OR AROUND THE WATER IS HEALTHY

• WATER STIMULATES ALL 5 SENSES -Water provides a totally immersive experience.  We feel the coolness trickling on our skin, we taste the salt, smell the seaweed, hear the waves and splash of the water, and see the sun glistening on the water.
• WATER STIMULATES OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM -Water impacts our physiology in that it triggers our parasympathetic nervous system to lower heart rate and blood pressure which promotes relaxation. Even the act of drinking a glass of water can promote relaxation and wellness.
• WATER IS BLUE…BLUE IS THERAPEUTIC -If the rolling blue waves in the lake and ocean aren’t enough, the blue light waves will work to promote further relaxation. Additionally, the beautiful backdrop of a blue sky is the icing on the cake to make you chill out! Similar to “white noise” used by millions of parents to promote sleep for infants and toddlers, “pink noise” (the noise associated with natural sounds) is more smooth, soothing, ongoing and natural as it reduces brain wave activity…have you ever experienced a “beach nap?”
• WATER STIMULATES OUR INNATE BIOPHILIA - The biologist and naturalist Edward Wilson coined the term “biophilia” to describe the theory that humans have an instinctive bond with nature. As a species, our origins have begun on open savannahs and endless shorelines. These natural environments instinctively return us to a simpler time and place.
• WATER IMMERSION BALANCES OUR HORMONES -Did you ever notice the inner harmony of swimming underwater or total floating? When you are doing these activities, your body sends signals to balance stress hormones similar to the bodies response to meditation or relaxing.
• WATER ACTIVITIES STIMULATE ENDORPHINS -Whether you are swimming, surfing, kayaking, paddle boarding, fishing, clamming, walking the shoreline, digging a water hole or making a sand castle, these activities will stimulate endorphins. These natural chemicals associate with increased levels of with happiness, pain management and overall well-being.

In addition to the benefits of being by a body of water, just being outdoors promotes better health and wellness:

• Nature’s Vitamin D – Current research suggests that Vitamin D (The Sunshine Vitamin), may offer significant disease prevention and healing powers for osteoporosis, some forms of cancer and heart disease. Of all the methods of getting an adequate amount of Vitamin D, none is more fun than spending time outdoors in the sunlight.
• Increase Activity Level – While exercising indoors in a gym is valuable, research shows that time spent indoors is associated with being sedentary and being sedentary is associated with obesity, especially in children
• Improved Mental Health – Documentation reveals that light affects mood. So, unless you live in a glass house or a light box, getting outdoors is important to your mental health.
• Improved Concentration – Richard Louv, author of the book, “Last Child in the Woods,” coined the term, nature-deficit disorder.” This term, supported by research, found children with ADHD focus better when outdoors.
• Improved Health and Healing – Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh found that patients recovering from surgery recovered faster with less pain and shorter hospital stays when they were exposed to natural light.
• Improved Breathing – In general, breathing fresh air is good for you. Some exceptions might be those with severe allergy problems when the pollen count is high. Despite this, it may be better to take allergy medicine and enjoy the benefits of being outdoors than to be stuck inside.

Sources: NIH, Global News, Plume, L, University of Exeter Medical School in the UK.

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

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This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopaedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

We’ve all heard it before – encouragement to exercise to trim our waistline or to speed up our metabolism.  However, there may be more benefit to lacing up those sneakers than you’d think.  Recent studies have established a link between exercise and cognition, making physical activity even more important.

The Benefits:

Exercise has been shown to improve sleep and mood, decrease stress, and even increase libido.  It also can bolster our self-esteem and ability to problem-solve and to remember details.  In fact, strength training has even been shown to reverse cognitive decline to a degree in aging adults with mild impairment. Though the medical community is still trying to elucidate exactly how exercise boosts our brains physiologically, increased circulation to the brain and modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis that regulates the body’s response to stress have been implicated as the bearers of benefit. While exercise can be advantageous for everyone, it perhaps is even more valuable to those struggling with mood disorders.  Exercise can help combat anxiety and depression and quell the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as it helps the brain to pump out neurotransmitters and pain-fighting endorphins. Exercise makes addiction management easier, as well, and has recently been shown to help alcoholics lessen consumption.

How Much is Enough?

So, how much exercise exactly is enough to illicit tangible cognitive benefit, you ask?  Any amount of weight lifting, running, walking, or yoga helps, but habitual activity helps the most.  Studies cite that a few consecutive weeks of participation in a fitness regimen yielded notable, positive results in subjects.  Try to make exercise part of your daily routine to encourage good fitness habits.  If you find the idea of adopting a strenuous new fitness program intimidating or off-putting, have no fear.  Moderate exercise is enough to do the trick.  The Mayo Clinic cites both brisk walking and mowing the lawn as examples of moderate activity, so an average fitness level is adequate for yielding positive mental results. 

How To Begin:

If you’re thinking about beginning an exercise program for the first time, start gradually.  Begin with walking for 10 to 15 minutes twice daily, and add 1 or 2 minutes to your session every time you walk until you can walk continuously for 45 to 60 minutes.  The same principle can be used when beginning other fitness routines involving biking, swimming, running, etc.  Begin a weight training program to strengthen bones and tendons using 3 to 5 pound dumbbells, and increase the weight you use by a pound once you can easily perform 30 consecutive repetitions.  Be careful to pay close attention to posture and form. Contact your physical therapist or a personal trainer for assistance with designing an appropriate exercise program.  Don’t hesitate to contact your physician, either, if you have questions about whether a particular exercise program is safe and suitable for your age group or current fitness level. Consider these tips to make the most of your workout:

• Don’t let the idea of fitting exercise into your busy schedule stress you out.  If you can only find time to exercise on the weekends, do that.  Every workout, no matter how frequent, can help to recharge your brain.
• Understand that beneficial exercise doesn’t have to be particularly laborious or formal.  Walks around your block or playtime with the kids count as physical activity, too.
• Consider using a fitness app to track your progress – some even have barcode scanners and calorie counters to help you track food intake in addition to exercise.
• Unless you’re performing brisk aerobic exercise for over 60 minutes, opt for water when you work out rather than sports drinks.
• Exercise outdoors to gain an additional boost in creativity – a recent study showed that hikers performed better on cognitive tasks after spending time outside.
• Use your exercise sessions to let your mind wander.  Instead of using your time on the treadmill to plan your itinerary for the week, use it to focus on yourself, your breathing, and your movement.

Guest Contributor: Leanne Woiewodski, MD, graduate, GCSOM

Sources:

US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Helpguide.org, IDEA Health & Fitness Association, Mayo Clinic, Public Library of Science

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopaedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

Spring is here! So, too, is allergy season and spring sports! It seems this every year at this time a young little league baseball player wheezes as they cross home plate and desperately tries to catch their breath. Players, coaches, umpires, parents watch in dismay, deciding whether they need to call an ambulance. Minutes later the player recovers from this scary situation…until the next time. Could this be an example of exercised-induced asthma (EIA)?

What is EIA?

Dr. Gregory Cali, a local pulmonologist, (lung doctor) was gracious enough to participate in an interview about this problem…exercise-induced asthma (EIA). The topic was chosen in response to an email question from a concerned mother of an athlete with asthma.  Dr. Cali informed me that the first thing to know about exercise induced asthma (EIA) is that EIA is not a distinct disease in itself-but is one manifestation or presentation of asthma. Putting it simply, EIA occurs in patients who have develop narrowing of the bronchial tubes ( bronchoconstriction) when they exercise.  Some experts would rather we use the phrase exercise induced bronchoconstriction which is what happens when someone has an asthma attack.  This bronchoconstriction occurs because of spasm of the tiny muscles of the airways, plugging of the airways with thick mucous, and swelling or edema of the cells lining the airways. 

In fact, it is inflammation of the airways, mostly due to allergies, that is at the root of most cases of asthma. This inflammation causes the bronchial tubes to become over-reactive-and predisposed to narrowing- when exposed to certain triggers.  Exercise is one of those triggers in susceptible people. The patient with EIA complains of chest tightness, wheezing, and shortness of breath when exercising.  Some patients only experience coughing with exercise.  Symptoms are usually worse in cold, dry air. This is believed to be due to the drying and cooling of the airways, which occurs with exercise, especially if the patient opens his or her mouth while exercising.  Nasal breathing is much better at warming and humidifying air and may help to reduce EIA.  

Diagnosing EIA

Dr. Cali feels that the most important point about EIA is to make sure a specific diagnosis is made.  It is difficult at times to differentiate asthma from the normal breathlessness, which occurs with exercise.  The feature of EIA that distinguishes it from normal breathing, or being "out of shape" is the fact that EIA is ALWAYS associated with a decrease in airflow.  This can be measured with either a peak flow meter or a spirometer.  It is also important that a specific diagnosis be made so that a person will not be labeled as asthmatic when they may be "normal" or have other conditions such as heart problems or anemia. 

Dr. Cali also recommends before a person is labeled asthmatic, they have spirometric testing.  An improvement in airflow after inhaling. A bronchodilator is an important indicator of asthma.  Sometimes a bronchial challenge test is needed to diagnose asthma.  In this test, the subject breathes in a known bronchoconstrictor in small quantities and the response is noted.  Patients with asthma almost always respond to the inhaled agent by a reduction in airflow. 

PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF EIA

Inform Coaches – If coaches are made aware, than they can be prepared for the onset of EIA. Provide emergency contacts and medications with instructions, such as inhalers, should be available.

Warm and Moisten Air - Whatever the patient can do to warm and moisten the inhaled air can help prevent EIA.  Nose breathing during exercise or wearing a loose covering over the mouth in cold weather may help.  Sometimes, in severe cases, switching to an indoor sport like swimming may be necessary.

Start Out Slowly - It is important to start out slowly and warm up first before exercising at full tilt. Slowly jog around the track or field before practice or a game to prepare your lungs for full-speed.

Medications – are often necessary.  Quick- acting bronchodilators like Albuterol, used 15-20 minutes before planned exercise, is recommended.  This can be repeated once more during the exercise, but if tightness or wheezing occurs, the exercise should be stopped. Many patients with asthma require preventative treatment with anti-inflammatory medications.  Inhaled steroids and/or leukotriene inhibitors may have to be added if the asthma is not controlled with Albuterol alone.  In fact, some patients with asthma who are overly reliant on quick acting bronchodilator medications can get into serious trouble if they do not use inhaled steroids. Be sure to communicate your needs with your coaches.

Play Smart - In conclusion, people with asthma should not shy away from exercise.  With proper precautions, people with asthma should be able to participate in all kinds of sports activities: baseball, football, soccer, swimming, tennis and running (even a marathon)! The key point is that the asthma needs to be under control and monitored by the patient, parents, coaches and doctor as a team. 

Visit your doctor regularly and listen to your body.     

Medical Contributor: Gregory Cali, DO, pulmonary specialist, Dunmore, PA

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

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This article is not intended as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopaedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!

What is a myth?

A myth is a traditional story, idea, or belief, especially one concerning early history of a people or explaining a natural or social phenomenon. It is a widely held but false belief or idea. In medicine, health myths are also widely held beliefs about health issues such as medicines, herbs, treatments, cures, antidotes, etc. which are partially or totally false and unsubstantiated in the scientific literature. This is a partial list of the most common health myths:

1. 8 GLASSES OF WATER IS ESSENTIAL FOR GOOD HEALTH
   • You don’t need to search very long to find copious information purporting the value of water to maintain good health. Sources suggest between 8 and 15 cups of water per day! Despite the plethora of contradictory information, there is no research to support an exact amount. In fact, most scientifically validated research suggests that healthy adults do not need to count cups and those who drink water when thirsty receive adequate hydration for good health. Remember, there are many water-rich foods to provide hydration; soup, fruit, vegetables, juice, coffee, and tea. However, be aware that if your urine is dark yellow you need more hydration. And, if you are very physically active or live in a warm climate, you may require more water.
2. EATING EGGS WILL LEAD TO HEART DISEASE
   • In the late 70’s, eggs received a bad reputation when high cholesterol in the blood could increase the risk of heart disease. The love-hate relationship with eggs and egg products has continued to grow since. However, recent findings suggest that eating an egg or two a day will not raise the risk of heart disease in healthy adults. While egg yolks do contain cholesterol, the amount is relatively small and is offset by the fact that eggs also have many nutrients such as omega-3’s, which are associated with lowering the risk of heart disease.
3. ANTIPERSPIRANTS CAN LEAD TO BREAST CANCER
   • Some research attempted to link the preservatives (parabens) used in some deodorants and antiperspirants with the activity of estrogen in the body’s cells because these parabens are found in breast tumors. However, there is no scientific evidence that parabens cause breast cancer. So, don’t sweat it!
4. SPENDING TOO MUCH TIME IN THE COLD AIR WILL LEAD TO A COLD
   • Sometimes “old wives tales” are true…but not this one! Grandparents and parents have been telling their grandchildren and children to button up and don’t spend too much time in the cold. In fact, one study found that healthy men who spent several hours a day in cold temperatures (just above freezing) had an increase in virus-fighting activity in their immune systems. Moreover, documentation supports that spending too much time indoors, especially during winter flu season, puts you at risk for getting the flu…so circulate fresh air or get outdoors!
5. EVERYONE NEEDS A MULTIVITAMIN TO BE HEALTHY
   • Research does not support this theory that everyone needs a multivitamin to supplement for nutrients not in your diet. In fact, most medical experts agree that healthy adults receive all necessary nutrients and vitamins from a well-balanced diet including; fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and healthy oils. However, if your physician recommends a vitamin, do so. It may be that you are insufficient or at risk due to other medical conditions. If you are pregnant, for example, you will need to take folic acid to lower the risk of birth defects. 
6. EATING A GOOD BREAKFAST IS NECESSARY TO LOSE WEIGHT
   • Some diets purport that eating breakfast is necessary to stimulate your metabolism in order to lose weight. This theory is not confirmed, and for those who enjoy breakfast, it may limit hunger sensation and prevent unhealthy snacking. However, a study from Cornell University found that those who did not eat breakfast did not overeat at lunch and dinner and consumed approximately 400 fewer calories per day. So, for some healthy adults, eliminating breakfast can help lose weight…the premise of “intermittent fasting.”
7. GREEN MUCUS IS A SURE SIGN OF INFECTION
   • Most would agree, the slimy green mucus in your tissue is disgusting. However, without a lab test, it is not a sure sign of an infection or need for antibiotics. Often, clear mucus indicates a sinus infection, while green mucus represents a common cold.
8. TOO MUCH SUGAR MAKES KIDS HYPERACTIVE
   • Sugar making your kids hyper? Maybe it’s just kids being kids! It is widely accepted that sugar is not good for kids (unhealthy calories leading to obesity, etc). However, Research shows that it is not the cause of hyperactivity (caffeine or chocolate may). It may be that parents are so focused on their behavior after sugar intake that they expect their kids to be wired when it may just be attributed to the normal behavior of kids just being kids!
9. A TOILET SEAT IS A COMMON AREA TO SPREAD DISEASE
   • Believe it or not, toilet seats are not the most unsanitary item in the bathroom. So, if you can’t cover it, don’t sweat it. Bugs such as E. coli, norovirus, and other flu viruses cover bathroom doors, door handles, and floors. Thorough hand washing is essential and use a paper towel for door handles.
10. CRACKING YOUR KNUCKLES OR OTHER JOINTS WILL LEAD TO ARTHRITIS
    • One thing is certain…cracking your knuckles is annoying to everyone around you! But studies show that it is not harmful to your joints or causes arthritis. The popping noise is not because the bones are grinding together; it is due to movement of gas bubbles in the joint capsule.  
11. ELIMINATING FAT FROM YOUR DIET WILL MAKE YOU HEALTHIER AND HELP YOU LOOSE WEIGHT
    • Total elimination of fat from your diet is not only unnecessary to be healthy and lose weight, but is unhealthy and harmful. Fat provides essential nutrients and is an important component of a healthy diet. Due to the fact that fats have more calories per gram than protein or carbohydrates, limiting fat intake is necessary to avoid extra calories. Instead, chose low fat dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) and consider eating small amounts of food with healthy fats, such as avocados, olives, or nuts. 
12. CHILDHOOD VACCINES LEAD TO AUTISM
    • Vaccines do not cause autism. Despite much controversy, there is no scientific evidence that supports a connection between autism and childhood vaccines. In fact, the original study that started the debate years ago has been disproven and retracted. Fact: childhood vaccines protect children from a variety of serious or potentially fatal diseases.

SOURCES: WebMd; National Institutes of Health, Mayo Clinic

EVERY MONDAY – Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” via Blog

EVERY SUNDAY in "The Sunday Times" - Read Dr. Paul J. Mackarey “Health & Exercise Forum!” in hard copy

This article does not intend as a substitute for medical treatment. If you have questions related to your medical condition, please contact your family physician. For further inquires related to this topic email: drpmackarey@msn.com

Paul J. Mackarey PT, DHSc, OCS is a Doctor in Health Sciences specializing in orthopaedic and sports physical therapy in Scranton and Clarks Summit. Dr. Mackarey is in private practice and is an associate professor of clinical medicine at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine. For all of Dr. Mackarey's articles, visit our exercise forum!